Chapter 8 Search engine

How do search engines work? 

Ans.  Search engines are basically computer algorithms which help users find the specific information they’re looking for. With literally trillions of pages of information online, without effective search engines, finding anything on the Internet would be almost impossible. Different search engines work in different specific ways, but they all utilize the same basic principles.
The first thing search engines have to do in order to function is to make a local database of, basically, the Internet. Early search engines just indexed keywords and titles of pages, but contemporary search engines index all of the text on every page, as well as a great deal of other data about that page’s relation to other pages, and in some cases all or a portion of the media available on the page as well. Search engines need to index all of this information so that they can run searches on it efficiently, rather than having to run around the Internet every time a search query is sent.
Search engines create these databases by performing periodic crawls of the Internet. Early search engines often required pages to be submitted to them in order to crawl them, but now most pages are found by following links from other pages. What are called robots or spiders, computer programs built to index pages, flit from page to page, recording all of the data on the page, and following every link to new pages. Different search engines refresh their indexes at different intervals, depending on how many spiders they constantly have crawling, and how fast those spiders crawl, with some working their way through the Internet every day or two, and others only doing a periodic refresh every week or month.
As the spider goes through these pages, it records the words it finds on the pages. It makes notes about how many times each word appears, whether the words are weighted in certain ways, perhaps based on size, location, or HTML markup, and decides how relevant the words are based on the links that come in to the page, and on the general context of the page.
Search engines then must weight the value of each page, and the value of each page for the words that appear on it. This is the trickiest part of what a search engine has to do, but also the most important. At the most simple level a search engine could simply keep track of every word on the page, and record that page as relevant for searches with that keyword. This wouldn't do much good for most users, however, as what is desired is the most relevant page for their search query. So different search engines come up with different ways of weighting importance.

how-do-search-engines-work

Examples of 5 search engines on internet.

1. google

2. yahoo

3. bing

4. ask.com

5. msn

Chapter 7

Please suggest the ideas to help and support the flooding crisis in Thailand.

1. Donations to assist victims. (For dry food, water, medicine,etc. )

2. Be a Volunteer to help bring donations to the victims.

3. Life jacket is a best thing to help the victims.

4. Providing shelter centers for flood victims.

5. Help build the sandbag as landmarks.

Chapter 6 : Example of writing report and Citation

Example of writing report

Example of Citation

Chapter 5 Online Catalog and Databases

"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly," said the Sloth (2002) [Picture Book]
by Eric Carle

Slowly Book

Chapter 3 : Sources of knowledge : Libraries

9.1 Identify the different  between Library of Congress Classification System (L.C.) and Dewey Demical Classification (D.D.C)

Answer :   The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification. This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place.

Both of them originated in the U. S. A.; but they are different in nature and structure. Since LCC and DDC have been widely adopted by libraries outside their mother country, a comparison between them may be of interest to library patrons.

It was for a unique library that LCC was formulated. The special nature of the Library of Congress influenced the whole structure of the scheme. The Congress library consists of several collections, each housed separately; the resulting scheme is a series of individual classifications designed separately by subject specialists.
On the contrary, DDC is intended for use in all sorts of libraries of various sizes with abridged editions specially constructed for relatively small libraries of any type: public, school, and junior college libraries. It is the invention of one man, Melvil Dewey.

Differing from LCC, DDC is a hierarchical classification, applying the principle of development from the general to the specific in disciplinary and subject relationships. Notations display the hierarchical features in the lengthening of the basic number by one digit for successive divisions.

Sources : Library of Congress Classification , Dewey Decimal Classification , difference between dc and lc

9.2 Make a link to ....

The Library of congress

British Library

Thai National Library

SPU Library

ASEAN

Chapter 1 " Data, Information, knowledge, and wisdom "


What is Data ? 


The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols.


What is Information ?


Information in its most restricted technical sense is an ordered sequence of symbols that record or transmit a message. It can be recorded as signs, or conveyed as signals by waves. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system.


What is Knowledge ?


Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, that can include facts, descriptions, information, and/or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.


What is wisdom ? 


Wisdom is a deep understanding and realizing of people, things, events or situations, resulting in the ability to choose or act or inspire to consistently produce the optimum results with a minimum of time, energy or thought. It is the ability to optimally (effectively and efficiently) apply perceptions and knowledge and so produce the desired results. Wisdom is also the comprehension of what is true or right coupled with optimum judgment as to action. Synonyms include: sagacity, discernment, or insight. Wisdom often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that one's principles, reason and knowledge prevail to determine one's actions.


What is Good Information ?


Information that can work on everywhere, useful, we need it, and in the right form.


Mind mapping


A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea.





Source :


mind map, wisdom, Knowledge, Information, Data

Chapter 2 :The Quality of Information


1.Objective facts :

Objective means something that doesn't depend on what people think.
A fact is something that can be tested, measure or otherwise objectively concluded while a valid opinion is an interpretation of those facts, which means that in order to have an informed opinion you have to be familiar with the relevant facts.

Example : 

The world is a globe. This is an objective fact, since whether people think it is or is not, it's still a globe.

scientific facts are objective as are mathematical proofs; essentially anything that can be backed up with solid data.

Sources :

http://www.chacha.com/question/what-are-objective-facts

http://jarofthoughts.livejournal.com/19800.html

http://modernorthoprax.blogspot.com/2009/10/objective-vs-subjective-facts.html


2. Subjective Opinions :
 
Subjective is just the opposite. You can’t point to subjective subjects. They are all in your head and your past experiences. Subjective opinions are ephemeral and subject to any number of factors that can range from facts to emotions.

Subjective means something that does depend on what people think.

Example :

 - The Beatles were one of the greatest rock bands of all time. This is a subjective fact/opinion, since if everyone thought they were terrible then they wouldn't be called a great rock band (unless maybe you could show some external, biased reason why people thought they were awful, but without that incidental reason they would in fact be liked)

 - This is a subjective opinion.
A blue pen.

A: "The pen is blue no matter what."
Well that is wrong because the pen is only blue when it reflects sunlight, which consist of all the colours, and the reflection enters our eyes. If you put the pen under the light of another star which emits less colours, the pen won't be blue.
therefore saying the pen is blue no matter what is a subjective thought, as a more objective saying should be: The pen is blue under the sunlight from a normal functioning human eye.
But as you can see it is pretty long to say it objectively. So sometimes it is good to simplify things.

Sources :

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090208072911AAaXE8t

http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-objective-and-subjective/

http://modernorthoprax.blogspot.com/2009/10/objective-vs-subjective-facts.html

http://jarofthoughts.livejournal.com/19800.html